CH 3217	Organic Chemistry II [(Core (Majors); Option (Minors)]
Units:	2
Prerequisite:	CH 2217
Contact hrs:	28 lectures &  7 Tutorials
Assessment:	Coursework 20% Examination 80%

Course Outline: The course is divided into two parts. The first part deals with the chemistry of carbonyl compounds. This includes the following: Preparation and reactions of aldehydes and ketones. Mechanism of nucleophilic addition. Formation and reactions of enols and enolate ions, Michael addition, Robinson annulation. Preparation and reactions of carboxylic acids, acid halides, anhydrides, esters, amides and nitriles. Mechanism of nucleophilic acryl substitution. Condensation polymers: their preparations, properties and uses. Formation and reactions of enolates of esters and b-dicarbonyl compounds, malonic ester and acetoacetic ester syntheses. Identification of carbonyl compounds using chemical and spectroscopic methods.
                                   
The second part of the course is the disconnection approach to organic synthesis. This includes retrosynthetic analysis; disconnection to synthons and synthetic equivalents, functional group interconversion. Retrosynthesis and synthesis of heterocycles.

Textbooks:

McMurry, J. (2004). Organic Chemistry, 6th Edition, Brookes-Cole

CH 3227	Inorganic Chemistry II [Core (Majors); Option (Minors)]
Units:	2
Prerequisite:	CH 2227
Contact hrs:	28 lectures &  7 Tutorials
Assessment:	Coursework 20% Examination 80%

Course Outline: The introduction to the course deals with the language of coordination chemistry and discusses general properties of complexes such as isomerism, ligand types and denticity.  The structure and bonding in transition metal complexes is examined in terms of Crystal Field Theory and Molecular Orbital Theory, which are then used to explain the spectral and magnetic properties of these complexes.  The ideas of coordination chemistry are used to discuss the chemistry of the d-block elements.  The structural diversity displayed by the d-block elements will be emphasised as will the structure, bonding and reactivity of the d-block complexes.

Textbooks:

Greenwood N.N. & Earnshaw A. (1998). Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd Edition, Pergamon Press

CH 3237	Analytical Chemistry II [Core (Majors)]
Units:	2
Prerequisite:	CH 2237
Contact hrs:	28 lectures &  7 Tutorials
Assessment:	Coursework 20% Examination 80%

Course Outline: Introduction to instrumental analysis with emphasis on instrumental components, their functions and figures of merit. Three major instrumental topics are taught here: Spectroscopic, electrochemical and chromatographic methods. Spectroscopic methods touch on the quantum theory of electromagnetic radiation, sources of radiation, types of wavelength selectors and radiation detectors.  Spectroscopic methods include molecular and atomic spectroscopy; molecular spectroscopy includes infrared, uv-visible, microwave, raman and mass spectroscopy whereas atomic spectroscopy deals with atomic absorption and emission spectroscopy.

Electrochemical method deals with different types of electrodes, interference and electrode calibrations involved in analysis. Electrochemical methods include potentiometry, coulometry and voltammetry. Whereas chromatographic methods deal with gas and liquid chromatography, types of mobile and stationary phases, elution, column and solvent efficiency. Different mode of chromatography will also be discussed. All the above methods will then be applied for the analysis of manufacturing and environmental chemical species.

Textbooks:	Skoog D.A., Leary J. J. (1998). Principles of Instrumental Analysis, 5th Edition, Pulitzer
Supplementary Reading :	Christian G.D. (2003). Analytical Chemistry, 6th Edition, Wiley. Radojevic M. and Bashkin, V. (1999). Practical Environmental Analysis, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge.

CH 3247	Chemistry Laboratory II [Core (Majors)]
Units:	2
Prerequisite:	CH 2247
Contact hrs:	14 practical sessions of 4-6 hours each
Assessment:	100% Continuous assessment

Course Outline: The experiments include preparation of carboxylic acids and alcohols using Grignard reagents and preparation involving Cr(VI) oxidation and NaBH4 reduction. The products will be characterized using physical and spectroscopic methods. Synthesis and characterization of coordination complexes using UV-VIS and IR spectroscopy and magnetochemistry. Instrumental analysis: Experiments utilizing electro-analytical chemistry, spectrophotometry and chromatography in the analysis of environmental and manufactured samples. Physical chemistry component of this course will include experiments in electrochemistry (conductometry and potentimetry) and thermodynamics.

Textbooks:

1. Gilbert, J.C. & Martin, S.F. (2002). Experimental Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, New York: Saunders. 2. Greenwood, N.N. and Earnshaw, A. (1998). Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd Edition, New York: Pergamon Press. 3. Shoemaker, D.P., Garland, C.W. and Nibler, J.W. (1996). Experiments in Physical Chemistry, 6th Edition, New York: McGraw-Hill. 4. Skoog D.A., West D.M., Holler F.J., and Crouch S.R. (2004). Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, 8th edition, New York: Saunders.

CH 3230	Analytical Chemistry [Core (Minors)]
Units:	2
Prerequisite:	CH 1101 & CH 1102
Contact hrs:	28 lectures &  7 Tutorials
Assessment:	Coursework 20% Examination 80%

Course Outline: Chemometrics: Data analysis and treatment.

Sampling: Batch samples, composite samples, continuous monitoring, obtaining a representative sample, sample storage, sample treatment, problems of environmental sampling.

Classical analysis: Titrimetry (acid/base, precipitation, complexation, redox), gravimetry.

Instrumental analysis: Chromatography (GC, HPLC), spectrometry (UV/VIS, AAS, AES) Mass spectrometry, electrochemical methods (potentiometry, voltammetry, polarography).

Biogeochemical cycles: Biosphere, residence time, hydrologic cycle, carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, sulphur cycle, phosphorus cycle, trace metal cycles.

Environmental pollution: Air, water, soil, sources, effects, control

Textbooks:

1. Skoog D.A., West D.M. and Holler I.J., Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry,  7th Edition, Saunders, 1995. 2. Radojevic M. and Bashkin V., Practical Environmental Analysis, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, 1999

CH 3240	Chemistry Laboratory [Core (Minors)]
Units:	2
Prerequisite:	CH 2207, CH 2217 & CH 2227
Contact hrs:	14 practical sessions of 4-6 hours each
Assessment:	Continuous assessment 100%

Course Outline: Experiments on the following topics:

• titrimetric and instrumental analyses
• qualitative organic analyses
• kinetics and thermodynamics
• preparation & properties of   main group compounds; simple crystal lattice

Reference books:

1.  Skoog D.A., West D.M. and Holler I.J., Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, 7th Edition, Saunders, 1995. 2 .Shriner, R.L., Fuson, R. C., Curtin D. Y. and Morill,T. C., Systematic Identification of Organic Compounds, 7th Edition,Wiley ,1997. 3.  Shoemaker, D.P. and Garland, C. W. Experiments in Physical Chemistry, McGraw-Hill, 1989

CH 3208	Quantum Chemistry and Molecular Spectroscopy
Units:	2
Prerequisite:	CH 2208 (Physical Chemistry II)
Contact hrs:	2 lectures and 0.5 tutorials/week
Assessment:	Coursework 20% Examination 80%

Course Outline: The course begins with the breakdown of classical mechanical principles for microscopic systems and the phenomenon of quantisation will be taught using black-body radiation, photoelectric effect, and atomic spectra. Exact solutions of the Schrodinger equation for a particle in potential wells, a rigid rotor, and a harmonic oscillator will be obtained. Application of quantum mechanics for hydrogen and hydrogen-like ions will be discussed. The perturbation theory and variation principle will be used to solve the Schrodinger equation for simple multi-particle systems such as H2+.

Microwave spectroscopy will be introduced using rigid and non-rigid rotor approximations. Harmonic and anharmonic oscillator models will be used in discussing vibrational spectroscopy. Vibration – rotation spectroscopy of diatomics and small polyatomics will be discussed. Raman scattering, Raman effect, pure rotational Raman and vibrational Raman spectroscopy will be introduced

Textbooks:	Atkins, P.W., and de Paula, J., (2006).  Physical Chemistry (8th Ed.). Oxford: OUP. Banwell, C.N. and McCash, E.M., (1994). Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy (4th Ed.). London: McGraw-Hill. Hayward, D.O., (2001). Quantum Mechanics for Chemists, London: RSC.
References:	Atkins, P.W., (1987). Molecular Quantum Mechanics (2nd Ed.). Oxford: OUP. Hanna, M.W., (1981). Quantum Mechanics in Chemistry (3rd Ed.). New York: Benjamin/Cummings. Levine, I.N., (1975). Molecular Spectroscopy, New York: Wiley

CH 3218	Organic Synthesis
Units:	2
Prerequisite:	CH 2217 (Organic Chemistry I) and CH 2218 (Organic Chemistry II)
Contact hrs:	2 lectures & 0.5 tutorial/week
Assessment:	Coursework 20% Examination 80%

Course Outline: This course provides an overview of the principles and strategies of C-C bond formation in organic synthesis.  The use of protecting groups and strategies of retrosynthesis of organic compounds using inter-conversion, disconnections and synthons in organic synthesis will be introduced.  Selective reduction and oxidation of organic compounds will also be discussed. This course also includes pericyclic reactions i.e.  electrocyclic reactions such as ring opening and closing, cycloaddition reactions including the [4+2] Diels-Alder reactions and sigmatropic rearrangement reactions such as [1,3], [1,5], [3,3] rearrangements and the use of frontier molecular orbital approach to analyse these reactions and predict the stereochemistry of the products.

Textbooks:	Mc Murry, J. (2004). Organic Chemistry. (6th Ed.). London: Brooks Cole. Smith, M.S. (2002). Organic Synthesis. (2nd Ed.). New York: McGraw Hill.
References:	Mackie, R.K., Smith, D.M., and Aitken, R.A. (1990). Guidebook to Organic Synthesis. (2nd Ed.). New York: Longman. Miller, B. (2004). Advanced Organic Chemistry. (2nd Ed.). USA: Prentice Hall. Willis, C. and Willis, M. (1995). Organic Synthesis. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

CH 3228	Transition Metal Organometallic Chemistry
Units:	2
Prerequisite:	CH 2228 (Introduction to Coordination Chemistry and the d-block Elements)
Contact hrs:	2 lectures & 0.5 tutorial/week
Assessment:	Coursework 20% Examination 80%

Course Outline: The course will commence with a treatment of molecular symmetry and group theory and their application to chemistry, such as the identification of point groups and the use of character tables. Group theory will then be applied to various problems in chemistry such as vibrational spectroscopy, the construction of molecular orbital diagrams and symmetry adapted linear combinations. The concept of the metal-carbon bond will be introduced. This includes theoretical models of metal-carbon bonding, the EAN rule, ligand hapticity and the different types of organometallic ligands. The oxidative addition, cyclometallation and insertion reactions will be described. The important organometallic complexes are discussed. These comprise sigma bonded ligands, which may be divided into: alkyls, alkylidene, alkylidyne and carbonyl, and pi bonded ligands: alkenes (both linear and cyclic), alkynes, cyclopentadienyl and arenes. The chemistry (synthesis, structure, bonding, reactions) of each of these major classes of compound will be explored.

Textbooks:

Carter, R.L. (1997). Introduction to Group Theory and Symmetry. New York: Wiley. Greenwood, N.N. and Earnshaw, A. (1998). Chemistry of the Elements. (2nd  Ed.). Oxford: Pergamon. Spessard, G.O. and Miessler, G.L. (1997). Organometallic Chemistry. USA: Prentice Hall.

CH 3238	Environmental Chemistry
Units:	2
Prerequisite:	CH 2237 (Analytical Chemistry I) or CH 3230 (Analytical Chemistry)
Contact hrs:	2 lectures & 0.5 tutorial/week
Assessment:	Coursework 20% Examination 80%

Course Outline: This course involves the studies of the geochemical cycles, chemistry of the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere. Air pollution covers the areas of photochemical smog, acid rain, global warming and the depletion of the ozone layer. The effects and control of pollutions caused by the dispersion of heavy metals, pesticides, fertilizers and oil in the water system will be discussed under water pollution. The pollution of the lithosphere includes the study of soil properties such as the inorganic and organic matter, ion-exchange capacity, pH and water retention. In addition to the properties of the soil, the waste and contaminated soil management will be discussed. Radioactive decay processes, radioactive dating and disposal of radioactive waste will also be covered here. Each of the topics above will also cover the methods of sampling, storage and analysis of pollutants as well as their emission control.

Textbooks:	Spiro, T. G. and Stigliani W. M. (2003). Chemistry of the Environment. (2nd Ed.). New York: Prentice Hall.
References:	Harrison, R.M., editor (1993). Pollution: Causes, Effects, and Control. (2nd Ed.). London: Royal Society of Chemistry. Harrison, R.M., editor (1999). Understanding Our Environment: An Introduction to Environmental Chemistry and Pollution. (3rd Ed.). London: Royal Society of Chemistry. Radojevic M. and Bashkin V. (1999). Practical Environmental Analysis. London: Royal Society of Chemistry

CH 3248	Chemistry Laboratory III
Units:	2
Prerequisite:	CH 2248 (Chemistry Laboratory II)
Contact hrs:	1 practical session of 4-6 hours/week
Assessment:	Continuous assessment 100%

Course Outline: Students will carry out experiments in all branches of chemistry. Various experiments will be carried out in this course which include syntheses and characterisation of typical organometallic compounds, preparation and reactions of coordination compounds and their characterisation by spectroscopic techniques. There will also be syntheses and spectral identification of organic compounds and isolation of natural products. There will also be experiments involving potentiometry, conductimetry, bomb calorimetry, advanced chemical kinetics, electrochemical cells, adsorption phenomena, and surface tension. Finally, there will be experiments which relate to the application of instrumental analysis to food and environmental samples.

References:

Roberts, R.M., Gilbert, J.C., and Martin, S.F. (1994). Experimental Organic Chemistry. New York: Saunders. Shoemaker, D. P., and Garland C.W. (1996). Experiments in Physical Chemistry. London: McGraw-Hill. Skoog, D.A., West, D.M., and Holler. I.J. (1995). Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry. (7th Ed.). New York: Saunders.

CH 3209	Selected Topics in Spectroscopy
Units:	2
Prerequisite:	CH 2218 (Organic Chemistry) and CH 2228 (Introduction to Coordination and d-Block Chemistry)
Contact hrs:	2 lectures & 0.5 tutorial/week
Assessment:	Coursework 20% Examination 80%

Course Outline: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Topic deals with modern NMR techniques, commencing with spin-spin coupling and magnetic equivalence. The variability in chemical shift of protons attached to electronegative atoms, the use of lanthanide shift reagents, spin decoupling and nuclear Overhauser enhancement are discussed. More advanced methods of NMR spectroscopy, such as pulse sequences, coupling and decoupling in 13C NMR spectra, determination of the 13C signal multiplicity using DEPT and two dimensional techniques, such as COSY, HETOR, are introduced.

Mössbauer spectroscopy: The principles of  Mössbauer spectroscopy, the Mössbauer effect and conditions for observing the effect, are discussed. Applications of Mössbauer spectroscopy to the determination of the structure and bonding in iron, tin and iodide compounds are discussed. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: The theoretical principles of EPR spectroscopy are outlined. The experimental techniques and the spectroscopic parameters are explained. The identification of odd-electron species and the structural determination and the study of unstable paramagnetic species are discussed. Kinetic studies of electron transfer reactions, spin-labelling studies of biomolecules, and the EPR spectra of selected copper(II) and oxovanadium(IV) complexes are discussed. Photoelectron spectroscopy: The theory of the photoelectron experiment and types of spectrometers are described. The interpretation of the spectra is explained and the results are compared with molecular orbital calculations.

Textbooks:

Pavia, D.L., Lampman, G.M. and Kriz, G.S. (2001). Introduction to Spectroscopy. (3rd  Ed.). New York: Harcourt. Solomon, E.I. and Lever, A.P.B. (1999). Inorganic Electronic Structure and Spectroscopy, Volume 1, New York: Wiley

CH 3219	Bio-organic Chemistry
Units:	2
Prerequisite:	CH 2217 (Organic Chemistry I) and CH 2218 (Organic Chemistry II)
Contact hrs:	2 lectures & 0.5 tutorial/week
Assessment:	Coursework 20% Examination 80%

Course Outline: Natural products including amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids (e.g. terpenes and steroids), and alkaloids will be discussed. Carbohydrates:  The use of protective groups in the syntheses of carbohydrate derivatives including oligosaccharides. Examples of some biologically important sugars and their functions will be introduced. Amino acids and proteins: Stereoselective syntheses of amino acids, strategies and syntheses of peptides including both solution and solid-phase methods, structures and conformations of proteins will be covered. Terpenes: The isoprene rule and the classification of terpenes

into monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, etc will be discussed.  Isolation, structures, reactions and biosynthesis of selected terpenes will be included. Alkaloids: General methods of extraction of alkaloids will be introduced. Structures and properties of selected alkaloids and their syntheses will be discussed. Heterocycles: Structures, syntheses, properties and reactions of some selected heterocyclic compounds including some biologically important heterocycles will be discussed

Textbooks:	Mc Murry, J. (2004). Organic Chemistry. (6th Ed.). London: Brooks Cole. Willis, C. and Willis, M. (1995). Organic Synthesis. Oxford: Oxford University Press
References:	Davies, D.T. (1995). Aromatic Heterocyclic Chemistry. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Mann, J. (1999). Chemical Aspects of Biosynthesis. Oxford: Oxford Science Publications. Simmonds, R.J. (1992). Chemistry of Biomolecules. London: The Royal Society of Chemistry.

CH 3229	Bio-inorganic Chemistry
Units:	2
Prerequisite:	CH 2228 (Introduction to Coordination Chemistry and the d-block Elements)
Contact hrs:	2 lectures & 0.5 tutorial/week
Assessment:	Coursework 20% Examination 80%

Course Outline: In order to discuss the various aspects of bioinorganic chemistry inorganic reaction mechanisms, particularly substitution and electron transfer reactions of transition metals, will be introduced. These ideas are then used in the discussion of the ways in which transition metal containing enzymes fulfill their roles in biological systems. The bioinorganic section will commence with a description of the basic cell structure and the identification of the metals that are biologically essential and those that are toxic. The metals can be divided into main group and transition metal. The main group metals include the alkali and alkaline earth metals, the transition metals are the 3d row of metals. For each group their biological function will be described. These functions include: skeletal, electron transfer, electrolyte balance, oxygen transport, nitrogen fixation and catalytic. For metals incorporated into protein molecules, the coordination environment and the mechanism of reaction will be discussed.

Textbooks:	Cotton, F.A., Wilkinson, G., Murillo and Bochmann, M., C.A. (1999). Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. (6th Ed.). New York: Wiley. Greenwood, N.N. and Earnshaw, A. (1998). Chemistry of the Elements. (2nd Ed.). Oxford: Pergamon.
References:	Frausto da Silva, J.J.R. and Williams, R.J.P. (2001). The Biological Chemistry of the Elements: The Inorganic Chemistry of Life. (2nd Ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Lippard, S.J. and Berg, J.M. (1994). Principles of Bioinorganic Chemistry.  New York: University Science Books.

CH 3239	Modern Analytical Techniques
Units:	2
Prerequisite:	CH 2238 (Analytical chemistry II)
Contact hrs:	2 lectures & 0.5 tutorial/week
Assessment:	Coursework 20% Examination 80%

Course Outline: This course involved the use of advance separation and extraction techniques which include capillary electrophoresis and related techniques, hyphenated techniques and supercritical fluid extraction. In addition, advance electrochemical methods which include stripping voltammetry, spectroelectrochemistry, microelectrode techniques, chemically-modified electrodes for voltammetry, potentiometry and amperometry, electrochemical sensors and biosensors will also be covered. Automated methods of analysis and its applications will also be discussed together with sampling, sample preparation and sample pre-treatment as applied to environmental and biomedical analyses.

Textbooks:

Skoog D.A., Holler F. J & Nieman T. A. (1998). Principles of instrumental analysis. (5th Ed.).  New York: Brooks/Cole.

References:

Brett, C.M.A. and Brett, A.M.O. (1996). Electrochemistry: Principles, Methods & Applications. Oxford: Oxford Science Publications. Harris, D.C. (1999). Quantitative Chemical Analysis. (5th Ed.).  New York: Freeman. Harvey, D. (2000). Modern Analytical Chemistry. Singapore: McGraw-Hill. Radojevic, M. and Bashkin, V. (1999). Practical Environmental Analysis. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry. Wang, J. (2000). Analytical Electrochemistry (2nd Ed.). New York: Wiley. Willard, H.H., Merritt, L.L., Dean, J.A. and Settle, F.A. (1988). Instrumental methods of analysis. (7th Ed.). California: Wadsworth Publishing Company.