CH 4217	Organic Chemistry III
Units:	3
Prerequisite:	CH 3217
Contact hrs:	42 lectures & 12 Tutorials
Assessment:	Coursework 20% Examination 80%

Course Outline: Multistep syntheses: Functionalisation of hydrocarbons and interconversion of functional groups; selective oxidations and reductions, cyclization and ring-opening reactions including pericyclic reactions. Strategies for multistep syntheses: retrosynthesis : interconversions, disconnections and synthons; protective groups in synthesis.

Syntheses of aromatic and aliphatic compounds. Introductory asymmetric synthesis.

Spectrometry & Spectroscopy: Determination of structures of organic compounds using Mass spectrometry; Infrared, UV-Visible, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy.

Heterocyclic compounds: structures, syntheses, properties and reactions of selected heterocycles. Structures, properties and functions of biologically important heterocycles.

Carbohydrates: The use of protective groups in the syntheses of carbohydrate derivatives including oligosaccharides. Examples of biologically important sugars and their functions.

Amino acids and proteins: stereoselective syntheses of amino acids; strategies and syntheses of peptides; (solution and solid-phase methods); structures and conformations of proteins. Enzymes and their mode of action.

Terpenes: the isoprene rule, classes of terpenes, isolation, structure and reactions of selected terpenes; biosyntheses of selected terpenes.

Alkaloids: isolation, structures and properties of selected alkaloids; syntheses of selected alkaloids.

Textbooks:

Willis, C. and Willis, M. (1995). Organic Synthesis, Oxford U. Press
Simmonds, R.J. (1992). Chemistry of Biomolecules, The Royal Society of Chemistry

Supplementary Reading:

Mackie, R.K., Smith,D.M.,& Aitken,R.A. (1990). Guidebook to Organic Synthesis, 2nd Edition, Longman.
Pavia, D. L., Lampman, G. M. and Kriz, G. S. (1996). Introduction to Spectroscopy, 2nd Edition, Saunders.
Davies, D.T. (1995). Aromatic Heterocyclic Chemistry, Oxford University Press.
Mann, J. et. al. (1994). Natural Products, Their Chemistry and Biological Significance, Longman Scientific & Technical.
Mann, J. (1999). Chemical Aspects of Biosynthesis, Oxford University Press

CH 4227	Inorganic Chemistry III
Units:	3
Prerequisite:	CH 3227
Contact hrs:	42 lectures, 7 tutorials
Assessment:	Coursework 20% Examination 80%

Course Outline: Organometallic Chemistry: brief review of basic topics (EAN, symmetry and its applications), metal complexes of carbonyls, alkenes, alkynes, cyclopentadienes, oxidative addition, reductive elimination, insertion reactions, homogeneous catalysis.
Bioinorganic Chemistry: iron, zinc, copper biochemistry, oxygen transport, nitrogen fixation, metal-sulphur clusters, vitamin B12.

Electronic Spectra of d-block elements: d-d bands, charge transfer spectra.

Redox reactions in transition metal complexes.
f-block elements: electronic structures, effects of filling f-orbitals, stability of f7 and f14. Lanthanides, occurrence, extraction, separation, solution chemistry, complexes, dominance of +3 oxidation state. Actinides, occurrence, extraction, synthesis of transuranium elements, oxidation states, compounds, complexes. Electronic spectra of lanthanides and actinides.

Nuclear & Radiochemistry.

Textbooks:

Cotton F.A. & Wilkinson C., Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, 6th Edition, Wiley, 1998

Supplementary Reading:

1. Lippard S.J. & Berg S.M. (1994). Principles of Bioinorganic Chemistry, University Science Books.
2. Mathey F. & Serin A. (1996). Molecular Chemistry of the Transition Elements, Wiley.
3. Lieser K.H. (1997). Nuclear and Radiochemistry: Fundamentals and Applications, V 1997
4. Meissler G.L. & Tarr D.S. (1991). Inorganic Chemistry, Prentice-Hall, 1991
5. Spessard G.O. & Miessler G.L., Organometallic Chemistry,Prentice-Hall, 1997

CH 4246	Special Topics in Chemistry
Units:	2
Prerequisite:	CH 3207, CH 3217 & CH 3227
Contact hrs:	42 lectures, 12 tutorials
Assessment:	Coursework 20% Examination 80%

Course Outline: Determination of structures of inorganic and organic compounds using modern techniques such as multinuclear NMR (1D and 2D techniques), Mossbauer, and electron-spin resonance spectroscopy.

Applications of organometallic chemistry: reactions at the metal and ligand.
Homogeneous catalysis; heterogeneous catalysis; Organometallics in organic synthesis Bio-organometallic chemistry.

Environmental Chemistry: Environmental analytical chemistry, air pollution, and water pollution.

Textbooks / References:

Solomon, E.I. and Lever, A.B.P. , Inorganic Electronic Structure and Spectroscopy, Vol. 1 Methodology and Vol.2 Applications and Case Studies, Wiley, 1999, ISBN 0-471-32683-6.
Hesse,M., Meier, H. and Zeeh, Spectroscopic Methods in Organic Chemistry, Thieme, 1997, ISBN 0-86577-668-7.
Pretsch, E., Buhlmann, P. and Affolter, C. Structure Determination of Organic Compounds, 3rd Edition, Springer, 2000, ISBN 3-540-67815-8.
Spessard, G.O. and Miessler, G.L., Organometallic Chemistry, Prentice Hall, 1997, ISBN 0-13-640178-3.
Harrison R. M., Understanding our Environment: An introduction to Environmental Chemistry and Pollution, 2nd Ed., Royal Society of Chemistry, 1992.
Harrison R. M., de Mora S. J., Rapsomanikis S. and Johnston W. R., Introductory Chemistry for the Environmental Sciences. Cambridge University Press. 1991.
Radojevic M. and Bashkin, V., Practical Environmental Analysis, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, 1999

CH 4242	Chemistry Practical III
Units:	2
Prerequisite:	CH 2247 & CH 3247
Contact hrs:	1 practical session of 4-6 hours per week
Assessment:	Continuous assessment 100%

Course Outline: Various experiments will be carried out in this course which include syntheses and characterisation of typical organometallic compounds, preparation and reactions of coordination compounds, electronic spectra of metal complexes, spectroscopy of metal complexes and organometallic compounds – NMR, IR, MS. There will also be syntheses and spectral identification of organic compounds and isolation of natural products. There will also be experiments involving potentiometry, conductimetry, bomb calorimetry, advanced chemical kinetics, electrochemical cells, adsorption phenomena, and surface tension. Finally, there will be experiments which relate to the application of instrumental analysis to food and environmental samples.

Reference books:

Skoog D.A., West D.M. and Holler I.J., Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, 7th Edition, Saunders, 1995.
Roberts, R.M., et al., Experimental Organic Chemistry, Saunders, 1994.
Shoemaker, D.P. and Garland, C. W. Experiments in Physical Chemistry, McGraw-Hill, 1989.

CH 4243	Chemistry Project
Units:	2
Prerequisite:	CH 2247 & CH 3247
Contact hrs:	1 practical session of 4-6 hours per week
Assessment:	Seminar 10% Dissertation 90%

Course Outline: An individual experiment-based project chosen by the student. The project comprises of literature survey, experimental work, seminar and a report. The areas of chemistry include physical chemistry, inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry and analytical chemistry.

CH 4208	Physical Chemistry at Surfaces and Interfaces
Units:	2
Prerequisite:	CH 3209 (Quantum Chemistry and Molecular Spectroscopy)
Contact hrs:	2 lectures and 0.5 tutorial/week
Assessment:	Coursework 20% Examination 80%

Course Outline: The chemistry of solid surfaces is determined by their structures and compositions. Some representative techniques for surface analysis will be described. Adsorption at surfaces, and its description by means of isotherms, will be discussed. Other topics related to adsorption will include: the sticking probability; heats of adsorption; physisorption and chemisorption; dissociative adsorption; surface catalysis; work function shifts. The equilibrium configurations of liquid/fluid interfaces will be rationalised. Techniques for the determination of surface tension based on capillarity will be described. The significance and measurement of the contact angle at solid/liquid interfaces will be discussed. The concept of surface activity will be introduced. The structure of the electrochemical interface will be described with reference to models of the electrical double layer. The kinetics of electron transfer and the current-potential relationship will be discussed in the context of the Butler-Volmer model. Representative applications of electrochemical techniques and theory will illustrated by consideration of working galvanic cells, corrosion mechanisms, and electrocatalysis.

Textbook:	Atkins, P., and de Paula, J. (2006). Physical Chemistry. (8th Ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
*References:*	Adamson, A.W., and Gast, A.P. (1997). Physical Chemistry of Surfaces. (6th Ed.). Chichester: Wiley. Brett, C.M.A., and Brett, A.M.O. (1993). Electrochemistry: Principles, Methods, and Applications. (1st Ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Somorjai, G.A. (1994). Introduction to Surface Chemistry and Catalysis. (1st Ed.). Chichester: Wiley.

CH 4218	Reactive Intermediates in Organic Chemistry
Units:	2
Prerequisite:	CH 3218 (Organic Synthesis)
Contact hrs:	2 lectures & 0.5 tutorial/week
Assessment:	Coursework 20% Examination 80%

Course Outline: The course will begin by discussing the formation, reactivity and stability of radicals. The concepts of sigmatropic shifts, radical chain reactions and carbon-carbon bond formation using radicals will be introduced. The course will then focus on the formation of singlet and triplet carbenes, nitrenes and their additions to double bonds. Cyclopropane formation and 1,4- and 1,6-addition reactions will also be discussed. These will be followed by the stereochemistry of additions to double bonds, reactivities in addition reactions, insertion reactions and rearrangements. The third part of the course will introduce photochemistry and cover the principles and reactions of carbon-carbon double bonds, reactions of molecules containing conjugated and non-conjugated carbonyl groups and hydrogen abstraction.

*Textbooks:*	Miller, B. (2004). Advanced Organic Chemistry. (2nd Ed.). New York: Prentice Hall.
*References:*	Clayden, J., Greeves, N., Warren, S., and Wothers, P. (2001). Organic Chemistry. Oxford: Oxford University Press

CH 4228	Nuclear and radiochemistry and the f-block elements
Units:	2
Prerequisite:	CH 3228 (Transition Metal Organometallic Chemistry)
Contact hrs:	2 lectures & 0.5 tutorial/week

Course Outline: The first part of the course traces the evolution of nuclear theory before discussing the basic topics of radioactive decay, nuclear chemistry and mass-energy relationships. This is followed by an overview of nuclear reactions, the interaction of radiation with matter and its detection. It concludes by surveying the uses of radio and nuclear chemistry in areas such as nuclear energy, dating techniques, nuclear activation analysis and hot atom chemistry.

The second part deals with the physical and chemical properties of the f-block elements (the lanthanides and the actinides). The electronic configurations, stable oxidation states, magnetic and spectroscopic properties are discussed, in detail for the lanthanides and comparisons are made with the actinides elements. The extraction of the lanthanides and the actinides as well as the separation of plutonium and uranium from fission products is described. The coordination chemistry and organometallic chemistry are discussed together with some of the practical applications of this chemistry.

*Textbooks:*	Choppin, G., Rydberg, J., and Liljenzin, J. (2001). Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry. (3rd Ed.). New York: Butterworth-Heinemann Cotton, S.A. (2006). Lanthanide and Actinide Chemistry. (2nd Ed.). Cambridge: Wiley.
*References:*	Friedlander, G. (1981). Nuclear and Radiochemistry. New York: Wiley Lieser, K.H. (1997). Nuclear and Radiochemistry: Fundamentals and Applications. VCH.

CH 4248	Final Year Project
Units:	8
Prerequisite:	CH 3248 (Chemistry Laboratory III) and CH 3249 (Chemistry Laboratory IV)
Contact hrs:	2 practical sessions of 4-6 hours/week for 2 semesters
Assessment:	Continuous assessment 100%: Presentation (20%) Dissertation (80%)

Course Outline: An individual research project will be chosen by the student. The project comprises of literature survey, experimental/theoretical work, presentation and a report.

References:

Papers from the chemical literature and reference books relating to the nature of each individual project.

Course Outline: A comprehensive treatment of the organometallic chemistry of the s and p block metals and semi-metals will be carried out. The groups of the periodic table to be covered include 1, 2, 13, 14, 15 and 16. Both - and -bonding ligands will be discussed with an emphasis on bonding and structural principles. The second part of the course is concerned with the application of organometallic chemistry via reactions at the metal and the ligand. The use of organometallics in organic synthesis, for example Grignard, organo-tin and organo-palladium reagents, is discussed.

Course Outline: Students will write a critical review of a selected area of the chemical literature under the supervision of a staff member in the Chemistry Department. In addition, students will attend a series of workshop-style seminars on topics relating to the chemical literature and chemical information management. These topics will include: a survey of the chemical literature; the publication process; print and electronic information resources and retrieval methods; abstracting and citation indices; bibliographic management methods and tools; review-writing goals, techniques and guidelines.

Course Outline: The course will introduce basic concepts in chemical engineering such as unit processes. Different types of Batch and flow reactors, the concepts of mass and heat transfer, and the idea of design equations will also be introduced. Specific industries with local relevance such as the oxidation of hydrocarbons to methanol and selected petrochemical industries will be discussed. Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis in industry will be considered using selected cases such as Ziegler-Natta catalyst based polymerizations, catalytic hydrogenation etc. The future of energy based industries will be discussed with special reference to batteries and fuel cells. The course will also include aspects of electrochemical industries. Other topics will include the local relevance of natural products based industries, and aspects of industrial pollution and safety. The lecture courses will be supplemented by visits to industry.

Course Outline: The course will begin by recognizing that the energies of molecules calculated quantum mechanically have to be averaged to obtain the values of macroscopic variables. The Boltzmann distribution will be used to obtain the average occupation of energy levels and to calculate the molecular partition function. This will lead to the expressions for the translational, rotational, vibrational and electronic partition functions. The canonical ensemble and the calculation of the canonical partition function from the molecular partition function for non-interacting molecules will follow. The statistical interpretation of entropy will lead to the calculation of thermodynamic functions from partition function data. The use of the equipartition principle to simplify calculations at high temperature too will be discussed. The course will also provide a review of the basic principles and methods for the study of fast reactions. This will be followed by the study of the dynamics of reactions using collision theory, activated complex theory and potential energy surfaces. The application of the theories of reaction rates to a variety of reactions will be discussed. This will be followed by a consideration of the special case of unimolecular reactions, using the Lindemann-Hinshellwood, RRK, and RRKM approaches.

Course Outline: The chemistry of ring systems which includes the general principles, reactions and sources of ring strains. The use of Baldwin’s Rule to explain cyclization reactions. Synthesis and properties of small and medium rings such as three to six membered rings, including some non-aromatic heterocycles. Strategies for multistep syntheses of organic compounds using the disconnection approach which include detailed analysis of the structures of chosen target molecules, the choice of starting reagents to be used and discussion on disfavored approaches.

Course Outline: A selection of the topics, such as the following, will be discussed. These include rings, cages, clusters and the ability of the elements to form bonds with themselves resulting in complex structures. Magnetochemistry discusses the magnetic properties of coordination compounds and the ability of metals to interact with each other through space. Molecular self assembly deals with the polymerisation of small molecules to build three-dimensional arrays with novel properties. These are also known as inorganic materials. Computation chemistry applies quantum mechanics to the calculation of molecular properties. The application of coordination compounds includes areas such as that of medicine.

Course Outline: The course will introduce the chemistry of food and the important factors such as water content in food and the compositions of food which include carbohydrate, lipids, proteins, and enzymes. The importance of vitamins, mineral, the pigments, other colourants, flavours and food additives relating to food will also be covered. The course will include the analysis of food components by classical (volumetric & gravimetric) methods as well as instrumental techniques such as chromatography, electrochemistry and spectroscopy.

Course Outline: The course will be equally divided between (a) lectures, and (b) laboratory-based computing exercises. The emphasis will be on the techniques of utilisation of the various methods, rather than on the formal underlying theory. The Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics simulation techniques will be introduced. They will be compared in terms of: their conceptual and algorithmic structures, their connection to theory, length/time scales and computational cost, the typical input data requirements, and their information content. The force-field concept and its limitations will be discussed with reference to pairwise and many-body interatomic potentials. Potential fitting to material properties or ab initio data will be discussed for metallic systems and inert gases. Students will carry out laboratory-based computing exercises with these techniques, which will include the prediction of: surface and cluster properties, the thermodynamics of heating and melting,

the simulation of radiation damage, and liquid properties. The second part of the course will provide an introduction to modern quantum chemical calculations. The lectures will focus on the selection of appropriate ab initio methods for different predictive tasks. Theoretical concepts such as basis sets, spin multiplicity, relativistic effects, and the distinctions between orbital- and density-based methods (e.g. Hartree-Fock procedures vs. density functional theory) will be explained as necessary. Students will carry out laboratory-based quantum chemical computing exercises, which will include the prediction of: molecular properties and spectra, thermodynamic properties of chemical reactions, solvation effects, isodensity surfaces, and potential energy surfaces.